Comparison of 3-Dimensional Radiotherapy with IMRT for nasopharyngeal Dissertation

Comparison of 3-Dimensional Radiotherapy with IMRT for nasopharyngeal cancer - Dissertation Example The treatment modality therefore, revolves around successful and complete removal of the tumour mass without damage to the vital organs around the tumour (Tham and Lu, 2010). Most of the critical analysis presented in this research is based on findings that have been carried out on patients of Eastern Asian origin. This is because nasopharyngeal carcinomas are prevalent in this population group. On the same note, some of the most significant research results and tabulations have been obtained from studies carried out in these geographical areas. One of the most significant facts about NPC is that these are diagnosed in later stages of cancer (Afqir, Ismaili and Errihani, 2009, pp 3). The close proximity of different regions leads to many problems after treatment is carried out. Adverse effects to the pituatory, thyroid and hypothalamic glands are commonly seen post treatment (Stevens et al, 1998). Soft tissue fibrosis leading to trismus and necrosis of the eye structures is also comm only seen (Stevens et al, 1998). Surgical treatment options are somewhat reserved due to the complex location of the tumour. Studies researching the efficacy of surgical treatment have shown higher tissue destruction, and increased chances in recurrence and metastasis, which are reflected in high mortality rates, with five year survival rates falling in the range of 33-57% only (Leu and Lee, 2009, pp 103). A similar study assessed the effects of salvage surgery on patients with recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiation therapy. The study selected 38 patients with recurrence in NPC who underwent surgery (Chang et al, 2004, pp 499). The results showed a 3 year survival rate and local control rate of 69 and 72.8% respectively. Local control rates at the intracranial and skull base levels were 83.3%, and the overall morbidity rates were below 14% (Chang et al, 2004, pp 500). Morbidity rates with radiotherapy treatment alone fall between 40 To 50%, whereas combined radio and che motherapy provide survival rates of 55 to 80% respectively (Paulino and Louis, 2010). However, this study has very limited number of participants, making it difficult to state that the results are significant. However, when viewed in comparison to many other studies on the efficacy of combined radiotherapy, the results bear some significance. Another important consideration is that surgery can still become an option in cancers which are of larger size, in order to help reduce the severity and duration of the chemoradiation therapy. Very large cancers can be removed with the help of fine surgical instruments, after which pockets of tumour can be removed through radiation and chemotherapy. Surgical treatments however, have been largely replaced by the newer and more sophisticated technology of irradiation. However, chemotherapy is another major contender for treatments of NPC. Many drugs have been introduced, but so far, trials and researches have gathered evidence for cisplatin and 5 -florucil respectively. Trials of use of cisplatin combined with radiotherapy for NPC have shown an overall survival rate of 76% at two to three years, which is comparatively better than therapy from any one of the methods alone. Another trial on 130 patients showed a 46% rate of survival with combined chemotherapy compared to 25% of it when treatment was done with radiation alone at five years (Siewert, Salama and Vokes, 2006, pp 168 and 169). Other drugs that are being used or considered for combined

Environmental policy and governance Annotated Bibliography - 1

Environmental policy and governance - Annotated Bibliography Example e clean development mechanisms to include the quest for clean energy resources have destabilized the production and consumption of oil and other non-conservative energy sources. The author argues that the use of oil and other polluting forms of energy have declined to the consideration of a sustainable future and reduce environmental health issues and deficits. He considers a policy to govern the use of oil in the industry globally and encourage the use of clean sources of energy. He hints at the involvement of the private energy sectors and other stakeholders to help in the implementation of such policies with the intention of reducing energy related pollution of the environment. The increase of oil prices has improved commitments in the policy formulations for clean energy developments. The author proposes the use of clean energies to be compulsory in the primary levels. This will increase sustainability. Sanoh, A, et al, 2014, The economics of clean energy resource development and grid interconnection in Africa, Renewable Energy: An International Journal, 62, pp. 598-609. Retrieved from: http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-d7564474-4ff8-336b-8d14-69dc77c028fb The authors argue that the use of clean energy resources within the developing regions like Africa will trigger economic development as this will come with economic benefits to the people. They explains that most clean energy resources are eco friendly, non pollutant consequently absolutely nothing is to be spent on the cleanup of the impacts of clean energy resources. Unlike oil, clean energy does not cause climate changes, variations in the rainfall pattern and therefore the loss of agricultural output in these regions. Agricultural out is linked to the economic development in these regions. He consequently argues that policy formulators should involve environmental aspects and future development in planning for the energy to be used in these regions. Tobin, M, &

Classification of bacteria

Classification of bacteria Bacteria Bacteria is a broad term for a famous type of single-celled micro organisms, There are thousands of species of bacteria. They actually have their own domain, which is called Bacteria. Domain is a new set of groups (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.). Bacteria is a Group of microscopic, single-celled microorganisms that inhabit virtually all environments, including water, soil, organic matters, and the bodies of plants and animals. Bacteria are distinguished in part by their genetic and morphological features; for instance, they may have spiral, spherical or rod like shapes. Bacteria are so widespread that it is possible only to make the most general statements about their life history and ecology. Bacteria are found on the tops of high mountains, the bottom of the deepest oceans, in the body of animals, and even in the frozen ice. Their ability to go dormant for an extended period is the main reason of their wide spread Gram satin: Bacteria can be divided into two main groups, gram-positive or gram-negative, based on the structure of their cell wall and their reaction to thegram stain. The cell walls of the gram-positive bacteria are very thick and consists of peptidoglycan ( a complex polymer that consist of 2 unusual types of amino sugars linked to short polypeptides.while, gram-negative bacteria, their cell walls are consist of 2 layers: a thin peptidoglycan wall and a thick outer membrane.(the outer membrane actually resembles the plasma membrane but it is less permeable and composed of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a harmful substance classified as an endotoxin) Falgella: Many bacteria swim by means of flagella which is composed of flagellin protein and it is responsible for the motility of the bacteria, bacteria may have a single flagellum at one pole(monotricate) or single flagellum at each pole(amphitricate) or as tuft of flagella at one or both poles (lophotricate) or may be disturbed over the entire cell(periticate).Bacteria with no flagella is called atricate bacteria. DNA: Bacterias DNA isnt found within amembrane inclosed neucles they are usually found in a single circularchromosomeand is distributed throughout thecytoplasm. Respiration: Most bacteria may be placed into one of three groups based on their response to gaseous oxygen,whether its aerobic, anaerobic or facultative anarobe. Aerobic bacteria are those how can survive only in the presences of oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria cannot tolerate gaseous oxygen, such as those bacteria which live in deep underwater sediments, or those which cause bacterial food poisoning. The third group are thefacultative anaerobes, which prefer growing in the presence of oxygen, but can continue to grow without it. Sources of energy: Bacteria may also be classified both by the mode by which they obtain their energy. Classified by the source of their energy, bacteria fall into two categories: heterotrophs and autotrophs Heterotrophs derive energy from breaking down complex organic compounds that they must take in from the environment this includes saprobic bacteria found in decaying material, as well as those that rely onfermentationorrespiration. The other group, theautotrophs, fix carbon dioxide to make their own food source; this may be fueled by light energy (photoautotrophic), or by oxidation of nitrogen, sulfur, or other elements (chemoautotrophic). While chemoautotrophs are uncommon, photoautotrophs are common and quite diverse. They include the cyanobacteria, green sulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria, and purple nonsulfur bacteria. The sulfur bacteria are particularly interesting, since they use hydrogen sulfide as hydrogen donor, instead of water like most other photosynthetic organisms, including cyanobacteria. Shapes: There are seven main groups of bacteria, classified according to their shape.Two of the seven types make up the majority of all bacteria. They can be classified as follows: Cocci The gram positive cocci include the well known species Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. Bacteria from both species are considered as friendly bacteria; they are useful and they have functions in the human body and in the environment. Some species can also be pathogenic. Staphylococcus aureus can cause impetigo and scalded skin syndrome, food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. Streptococcus pyogenes is the culprit usually responsible for tonsillitis and severe sore throats (strep throat), but many other infections maybe caused by it. There are two main types of gram negative cocci, both belongs to the genus Neisseria. Neisseria meningitidis causes a form of meningitis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the gonorrhea infection(a sexually transmitted infection ). The two species are more commonly called the meningococcus and the gonococcus. Bacilli Gram positive bacilli include Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria, Listeria monocytogenes, found in unpasteurized dairy products and responsible for dangerous infectious in pregnant women, and bacteria from the species Lactobacillus, friendly bacteria found in the gut. This group also includes two of the most dangerous types of bacteria known ever. One of them is the Bacillus species that causes anthrax, and the other one is Clostridium. One Clostridium species causes tetanus, another leads to botulism, it causes food poisoning. Gram negative bacilli are a large and varied group that are divided into different categories. The Entrobacteria include many species that cause food poisoning in humans E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, and also the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis. The Vibrio group contain bacteria that are shaped more like commas than rods and include the bug that is responsible for cholera. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is also a gram negative bacillus. This bacterium has been identified in the last 25 years as a major cause of stomach ulcers. Other gram negative bacilli are Bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough, Haemophila influenza which causes pneumonia, , and Brucella bacteria, which are associated with brucellosis in cattle. The last group is the Bacteroides, a species of bacteria that are very common in the human gut. In fact, they make up a quarter of the dead bacteria in faeces. Why do we Classify Bacteria? The major advantage of the classification of bacteria is to make identification easier. There are many biochemical tests that can separate the different groups and the different species, enabling physicians to make an accurate diagnosis of bacterial infections. Refrences: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/bacterialh.html http://www.answers.com/topic/bacteria http://www.typesofbacteria.co.uk/how-many-types-bacteria-are-there.html http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index;_ylt=AsS0ifALPm4qGWglSNvbTQgjzKIX;_ylv=3?qid=20071007172608AApA2q8 http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/graphics/i5.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccus

The Death Penalty Essay -- essays research papers

When you first think of the words ’death penalty’, you can’t help but associate that with the words ’capitol punishment’. However, is the death penalty really the ultimate, and therefore capital punishment. I believe that capitol punishment is the right punishment for those who commit heinous crimes like pre-meditated murder or rape. However, the death penalty would not satisfy me as a family member of the victim. What would satisfy me is to know that the murderer or rapist is suffering in prison until he dies and receives their true punishment in eternal life. I believe that life in prison, in solitary confinement, and without the possibility of parole, is the most fit punishment and the punishment that will put the person in the most pain and suffering until they die. But how did I come up with this belief and argument against the death penalty as a capital punishment? How and based on what did I come up with these beliefs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, I am a very religious person who follows the church in just about everything it does. If you are a religious person as well, you would know that on the subject of the death penalty for crimes, the bible seems to have a clear points of view about it in the old testament. In one part, the bible asks for â€Å"an eye for an eye†¦and a life for a life†. This is clearly stated in the old testament in exodus 21:22-25. However, if you look closely, the bible asks for the death penalty for several different crimes that by today’s standards would not even be crimes at all. In the article â€Å"Executions Are Too Costly---Morally† by Helen Prejean, published in the book â€Å"Contemporary and Classic Arguments: A portable Anthology†, the areas where the bible asks for the death penalty are clearly outlined. Prejean outlines theses areas in a list like this â€Å"Contempt of parents (Exodus 21:15, 17; Leviticus 24:17); Trespass upon sacred ground (Exodus 19:12-13; Numbers 1:51; 18:7); Sorcery (Exodus 22:18; Leviticus 20:207); Bestiality (Exodus 22:19; Leviticus 20:15-16); Sacrifice to foreign gods (Exodus 22:20; Deuteronomy 13:1-9); Profaning the Sabbath (Exodus 31:14) Adultery (Leviticus 20:10; Deuteronomy 22:22-24); Incest (Leviticus 20:11-13); Homosexuality (Leviticus 20:13); And prostitution (Leviticus 21:19; Deuteronomy 22:13-21).† I believe in the bible whole heartedly. However, when it comes to the death penalty yo... ...e he was hit by a giant stone and was absolutely floored. Later, because of the surviving brother who knew the people who killed his brothers, the murderers were caught and sentenced to death. Till this day, I don’t know if they have been put to death or not, but what I do know is that’s not what their brother or my father wanted. What they wanted was to have them suffer in prison for the rest of their lives as they are now still suffering from the loss of their brothers. My father and their brother believed that it was the only fit punishment, because they believed in what Gandhi said which is â€Å"if we lived eye for an eye the whole world would be blind.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the end it must be understood that killing someone who has killed is not going to solve our problems. Making those who end the lives of others suffer until their own death is the my personal answer to the problem. I know and understand fully that I may be alone in my beliefs, but I still stand by them strongly. Killing in the name of punishment is a shame, especially today when we should all understand that our worst punishment, as humans, is to live our lives thinking and regretting our mistakes.

Letter of rejection

Your letter has been received on February 22 and we know your concern about the repeated card swipes happened on January 25. Please allow me to explain that the transaction reference number, 144022-22839837109, changes daily so that multiple purchases made on the same day often carry the same number. More Importantly, although the transaction reference numbers are the same, the debits are for different amounts: $268. 00; $219. 60; $116. 20. Therefore, these transactions were not a result of repeated card swipes.Besides, policy of HASH requires that customers having problems on the statements to write a claim letter to the ATM Error Department and enclose the receipts within 10 to 20 business days. So we kindly remind you that your request has already exceeded the time limit and no receipts are enclosed. Another thing we want to mention Is that we contacted manager of Cluster, Mr.. William Wong, to ask for more detailed Information. He told us there Is no problem with the equipment.An d Mr.. Wong also mentioned that food shoppers commonly returned at different times during the day to make additional purchase they forgot the first. Based on all the reasons we have mentioned above, we cannot approve your request for adjustment. Thank you for your understanding. We welcome you to vials our website http://YMMV. Hash. Com. Hawk/l/2/home to know more details about the other Nanking services and we anticipate serving your needs In the future.Yours sincerely, ATM Error Resolution Department letter of rejection By Legislating purchases made on the same day often carry the same number. More importantly, Another thing we want to mention is that we contacted manager of Cityscape, Mr.. William Wong, to ask for more detailed information. He told us there is no problem for adjustment. Thank you for your understanding. We welcome you to visit our website http://www. Hash. Com. Hawk/l/2/home to know more details about the other banking services and we anticipate serving your need s in the future.

Odor and Perfume

perfume COMMUNICATION AND ADVERTISING ‘CHANEL' Xing Cheng Zhao Qin Zeynep Sezer Chanel Perfume Background: What’s the different of the man and woman’s perfume Man perfume is generally vegetation type, lady perfume with floral majority And from perfume bottles can see it, man perfume scent-bottle mostly concise have edge, lady perfume bottles are mostly curve. Man perfume bottle of color with grey,black, blue, give priority to warm color Lady scent-bottle color is rich, have beige, pink, red, etc Key message: This product is a unisex perfume, so it cannot have obvious difference between man and woman. e should invite a artist to design a wonderful scent-bottle,a attractive bottle design will catch consumers’ eye . this will increase sales volume. Special features: Because to make both men and women can use, so perfume bottle cannot too feminine also cannot too hard, so two paragraphs are designed respectively scent-bottle may be better. Also we need to produ ce this unisex perfume which has unique flavor. This perfume will used by the couples who want to make their relationships strong. Another special feature is the products use an environment friendly materials which are biodegradable.There are still many problems of environmental protection in recent years. Our products with bio-degradable packaging. It is favorable to Protect the environment and can’t increase waste . Our target consumers: Our new perfume is produced for the young fashion people especially couple between 16-25 years old and who are living in english speaking countries. For our new product, we chose young generation because our product will launch in Valentine's day so we focus the young couples who wants to buy the present for each others. The other reseason of our target is: our product's lower price.We want to make the young people able to buy the product who have small budget. USP: As unique selling points, we focus on price. our unisex perfume is produced with lower price by well-known up market manufacture. Our customers choose our new product on basis of price with brand's quality. Media of Advertisement As a media advertisement using : TV commercial—-Use a storyboard to illustrate maybe invite famous star as a spokesperson to act the story. We decided to choose for our TV commercial as Robert Pattinson and Emma watson nowadays who are very famous and England stars.Because this is a unisex perfume, if use of television advertising can describe a love story illustrates this one perfume products. our main idea is reflected in this scent unisex, and romantic, aesthetic. The main storyline is a couple of strange men and women with the same fragrance, in passing, are each other on the same smell attracted, then fell in love! Because this kind of perfume is produced by a well-known up-market manufacturer,So the quality of products is believing,and it already have a lot of loyal customers.The company now wishes to enter the lower end of the market, the product’s price will be cheaper than other products of company. It is attractive to consumers, Wonderful perfume with cheap price . Radio spot—- write the script to make a radio play as a advertisement, including sound effects and music Magazine —-use famous star to take some fashion photograph and we are going to make the testers for customers in magazine. We make the people try our perfume in beauty shops and malls. Other media—- we use e-branding in facebook and the websites.We will inform the customers about our promotions and new product in Chanel's website. And also we use the billboard in street with the photograph's of our brand star. Special promotion This perfume’s key point is unisex, so special promotion is the perfume is a couple perfume, if a couple to buy lovers perfume, so that they can be presented a set of new product trial outfit. To launch the new perfume in Valentine's Day activities(make bundling perfume body lotion & shower gel) The products discount activities: buy one get 50% discount for the second one.