Evolution of ICT - 1384 Words

Evolution of ICTs has also increased opportunities for military capabilities. Emerging military technologies are more and more information and communication centric. Major weapon system today operate interdependently in a net centric environment which has increased the battlefield awareness manifold. Operation Iraqi Freedom provides a classical example, where through use of net centric operation the Iraqi forces were swiftly defeated. Such development in military domain has led to the notion of more is less. On one hand it has changed the strategy of conducting military operations, wherein states are indulged in an arm race to acquire modern sophisticated military capabilities. On the other, commercialization of such capabilities has made them easily available to adversaries and criminal organizations. The concept of state security now hinges upon the acquisition of modern weapons to maintain deterrence and balance of power. Alongside physical military capabilities, the information revolution has changed the dimensions of modern warfare. ICTs application in communication, weapons and intelligence gathering has transformed the global information environment into a battle space which can be used for propaganda to shape perception and opinions. Militaries around the globe have evolved new doctrines for conducting the information warfare over electronic mass media. Civilians also tend to be the target of this new form of warfare at all levels whether virtual orShow MoreRelatedHistory and Evolution of the Ict Industry in Zambia1049 Words   |  5 PagesTHE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING NAME: Nash H Kabunda PROGRAMME: M.Eng ICT COURSE: EEE6511 (Telecoms Industry, Policy amp; Regulation) TASK: Assignment 2 LECTURER: Dr. D. Banda HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF THE ICT INDUSTRY IN ZAMBIA. The first telephone exchange to be placed in Zambia was installed in Livingstone in 1913. The telephone circuit backbone infrastructure was developed in the major Zambian cities alongRead MoreOutlook 2015 For The Ict Sector1588 Words   |  7 Pages2015 for the ICT sector Definition Information and Communication Technology is defined as convergence of audio-visual and telephone networks with computer networks using a link system. There is a cost savings due to merge of telephone network with the computer network system using a single unified system of cabling, signal distribution and management. Outlook 2015 Current Information and Communication technology includes big data, the cloud, mobile communication, and social media. These ICT developmentsRead MoreEmergence of Globalization Phenomenon1521 Words   |  6 Pagescommunication technologies (ICTs) and the possibility of wire and wireless almost everywhere, no spot on earth is apparently left untouched by global communication. The internet is the most remarkable development which grew from a few hundred website in the 90s to several millions at the end of last decade. Easy access to media and cyberspace has eliminated the control of nation-states over information flow across borders and within their own territories. The unprecedented spread of ICTs is not only changingRead MoreNigerian Information, Communication And Technology1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe Nigerian information, communication and technology (ICT) sector is a fast emerging sector which has seen rapid growth since early 1990’s and information technology is a recent phenomenon in Nigeria (Ogunsola Aboyade, 2005). However, the telecommunications arm of the sector dates back to 1923 with the first trunk of telephone service (Ofulue, 1980). Prior to 1992, the legal framework guiding the telecommunications and broadcasting in Nigeria was the promulgated Wireless Telegraph Act (WTA)Read MoreConflict ‚Äà ¬ Causes and Management868 Words   |  4 Pagesof one idea, desire, event, or activity with another . In modern day management conflict has a broader meaning and plays a vital role in the success of any organization. Organizational con#64258;ict involves interpersonal con#64258;icts with colleagues or supervisors, or inter group con#64258;icts within di#64256;erent sections of an organization. This paper presents the causes, types and management techniques of conflicts that arise in daily management. Cause of Conflict The cause of conflictRead MoreIct Infrastructure For Global Water Company1177 Words   |  5 Pages1.0 Introduction The purpose of this report is to identify problems within ICT infrastructure for Global Water Company and find solutions according to the organisation’s need. The solution will be implemented as required by the water company within budged put forward for this project. 1.1 Background Global Water is a public utility company, which provides the following services: ïÆ'Ëœ Fresh water ïÆ'Ëœ Waste water ïÆ'Ëœ Environmental services The company has various profits making streams, e.g. EngineeringRead MoreEssay on Computer Science: Key for Modern Day Innovation985 Words   |  4 Pagessimilar to the Dark Ages, that is, zero. However, there is a large border between innovation in the past and innovation today. This is because major branches of technology have already been discovered. One example of a major branch of technology is ICT. Consequently, Computer Science and the Internet could revolutionize the modern world and make tasks, known as difficult beforehand, simpler and could potentially increase innovation rate tenfold. Innovation growth may be plummeting down, althoughRead MoreEssay On ENCE997 Words   |  4 Pagesconstitution, in cooperation with the World Bank, but apparently without much coordination between them. †¢ The Universal Telecommunications Service Development Fund (FDSUT): it is a device of the Code of telecommunications allowing in theory the financing of ICT projects boosting the development of country. A recent report of the Court of Auditors has prompted the Government to review the modalities. †¢ The Priority Investment Guarantee Fund (FONGIP): it conducts an activity of technical and financial supportRead MoreDigital Technologies are Powerful Tools for Education657 Words   |  3 Pagescan inspire, engage and provide young people with important skills.† Education and human capital are fundamental to the socio-economic development of Zimbabwe. Utilizing information, media and communication technology (ICT) will help Zimbabwe battle their educational problems. ICT includes radio, television, and digital technologies such as computers and the Internet, each are powerful instruments for educational change and reform. â€Å"These technologies can help expand access to education, strengthenRead MoreA New Dimension Of M Government1528 Words   |  7 PagesDIMENSION OF M-GOVERNMENT ABSTRACT M-government services are becoming crucial substitutes. It is a part of modern ICT. But the thing is, ICT is not fenced only in the town areas. People of rural areas are also using ICT even if having fewer ideas about the systems. The notable thing is they can use it. The overview of my report isn’t describing all the aspects of ICT. In this report, my objective is to magnify the concepts and effects of digital procurement (e-purjee) system by sugarcane

Essay about The Effects Of Media On Preschoolers - 1994 Words

The use of media (television, video games, phones, music, and computers) by young children is becoming more and more common in everyday life. Children are in front of media screens now more than anytime in history. Parents are allowing, encouraging, and promoting the use of media in many forms. There are endless sources available for parents to purchase for the use with infants, toddlers,a nd preschoolers from movies to games and videos. (Ravichandran, France de Bravo, 2010, â€Å"Yound Children and Screentime†.) Although these media tupes are readily available, whether they be for entertainment or educational use, are they really in the childrens best interest? According to the American Acadamy of Pediatrics (1999) the average child†¦show more content†¦(Ravichandran, France de Bravo, 2010, â€Å"Yound Children and Screentime†.) Young children learn through play and interacting with people. If we want bright, intelligent, and active children with phenomenal im aginations we have to take and make time to play with them and turn the media off. Play allows children to learn, the wiring connections in their brains depends on them playing, imagining and interacting with human beings. Play prepares them for real life. Its where children work out their problems in order to deal with life. If children spend their time in front of screens and interacting with media then it is not spent in play and the various brain connections are not being connected, resulting in learing and attention problems. Children also learn from moving and doing. When they are interacting with media they are usually not moving and doing. During a 2year longitudinal study where media exposure was recorded, both violent and educational, were found and associated with physical aggression,verbal aggression and relational aggression according to the gender of the children. It was determined that media exposure predicted various types of aggression and prosocial behavior accordi ng to gender. To their amazement girls were much more likely to engage in and be victimized by relational and verbal aggression than boys, especially if other girls were present.Whereas boys were much more likely to participate in physical aggression than girls,Show MoreRelatedEarly Disclosure, Violence, And Violence1248 Words   |  5 PagesEarly disclosure to violence may possibly lead to aggression in young preschoolers. Research stated that exposure to violence in adolescence at a young age may lead to aggression in school age youths. Aggression and violence may not be as serious for some individuals and it’s often considered a part of growing up as a child. Aggression can be understood in a range of ways. It can be conceptualized as ones’ personality trait or having origins within a difficult temperament. In other words, aggressionRead MoreHow Cartoon Violence Effect The Youth As An Audience?853 Words   |  4 PagesThree-Part Research Project Part I: Research Question: How does cartoon violence effect the youth as an audience? Work Cited Coyne, Sarah M., and Emily Whitehead. Indirect Aggression In Animated Disney Films. Journal Of Communication 58.2 (2008): 382-395. Film Television Literature Index. Web. 27 Oct. 2015. Kirsh, Steven J., and Paul V. Olczak. Violent Comic Books And Perceptions Of Ambiguous Provocation Situations. Media Psychology 2.1 (2000): 47-62. Film Television Literature Index. Web. 27 OctRead MoreI Watched A Fair Amount Of Television985 Words   |  4 Pagesdeveloping mind of preschoolers. According to Pollitt, preschool culture makes girls think that it is necessary for them to act in one certain way and only in relation to men. Pollitt also says that even the few daring girls can only â€Å"dream of becoming an exceptional woman in a man’s world† (Pollitt). She states that these TV shows, movies, and books have an effect on young boys as well, but boys â€Å"learn a simpler lesson: girls just don’t matter† (Pollitt). Because of the large effect on developing minds’Read MoreEffects of Media on Children Essay1278 Words   |  6 Pagesthe radio? The answer for most would be: not much. The media has carefully made its way into our everyday liv es, and even made its use almost necessary. It is safe to say than an average person is exposed to the media several times a day. However, how many times have you actually paused and thought about its effects on us? Most would say: rarely, or close to never. More than that, have you thought about its effects on our children? How is media today affecting little Suzy, or baby Johnny? LivingRead MoreThesis on Marketing Unhealthy Food for Children615 Words   |  3 Pagesin the food and beverage industry constantly promote the belief that they are actively involved in providing society with important information concerning what is healthy and what is not. Moreover, most promote their products as having no negative effects on individuals who consume them, as doing otherwise would surely reflect badly on their businesses. It is generally known that children are vulnerable because they have very little experience in filtering information and food companies take advantageRead MoreThe Effects of Television on Young Children: A Review of Literature1314 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Television on Young Children: A Review of Literature It has become clear, in the past few decades, that the United States, and many other westernized societies around the world, are very dependent upon televisions, and the entertainment they provide. There has been an increasing trend in television viewership since the 1950s. However, it is only recently that a larger audience has noticed the various effects on television, often a result of the ways in which shows are now specificallyRead MoreThe Creation of Digital Media for Adolescents Essay655 Words   |  3 PagesThe creation of digital media for adolescent children should take into consideration the importance of â€Å"the three C’s†: the child, the context of use, and the content. According to Lisa Guernsey, director of the New America Foundations Early Education Initiative, all three of these terms must be reflected in the purposeful choice, application, and development of digital media for children. One could consider that the foundation of children’s d igital media content must account for the four stagesRead MoreComputer Aided Instruction1490 Words   |  6 Pageslearning. CAI seems to be especially effective in the area of literacy. Studies reported significant effects of CAI on reading skills of pre-schoolers, elementary school students, at-risk students, students with Special Needs and English Language Learners (ELL) (Chambers et al., 2008; Stetter Hughs, 2011). In the Philippines, Liceo de Cagayan University implemented an Interactive Courseware for Preschoolers to develop their social skills. It enhances the traditional way of teacher’s instructional strategiesRead MoreTechnology And Modern Technology1392 Words   |  6 Pagesthey regret it later on? A child’s connection to this new technology is the deciding factor in the future of these children’s lives. With many children today being able to understand how to use such devices, parents even worry about the long term effects. Parents want their children to be kids, but to also be a part of their time, and maybe even heighten their learning. Just because parents believe it is a good idea for their kids to have ahold of a screen, it does not mean that they are certain itRead MoreThe Initiation Of Formal Education Essay2043 Words   |  9 Pagesgroup manners, classroom etiquette, and interpersonal skills. With these social lessons come a series of social beliefs, norms, and expectations, not least among them, gender and gender roles. As innocent and naà ¯ve as some may believe them to be, preschoolers are attentive and perceptive; they are not immune to the explicit and implicit ideas and messages about gender that surround them. Early lessons in gender, gender roles, power, and inequality become ingrained in young minds and often serve to frame

Essay On Teenage Depression Example For Students

Essay On Teenage Depression Teenage depression is a growing problem in todays society and is often a major contributing factor for a multitude of adolescent problems. The statistics about teenage runaways, alcoholism, drug problems, pregnancy, eating disorders, and suicide are alarming. Even more startling are the individual stories behind these statistics because the young people involved come from all communities, all economic levels, all home situations-anyones family. The common link is often depression. For the individuals experiencing this crisis, the statistics become relatively meaningless. The difficult passage into adolescence and early adulthood can leave lasting scars on the lives and psyches of an entire generation of young men and women. There is growing realization that teenage depression can be life- changing, even life-threatening. (McCoy 21)Depression is a murky pool of feelings and actions scientists have been trying to understand since the days of Hippocrates, who called it a black bile. It has been called the common cold of mental illness and, like the cold, its difficult to quantify. (Arbetter 1) If feelings of great sadness or agitation last for much more than two weeks, it may be depression. For a long time, people who were feeling depressed were told to snap out of it. According to a study done by National Institute of Mental Health, half of all Americans still view depression as a personal weakness or character flaw. Depression, however, is considered a medical disorder and can affect thoughts, feelings, physical health, and behaviors. It interferes with daily life such as school, friends, and family. Clinical depression is the most incapacitating of all chronic conditions in terms of social functioning. (Salmans 11-12)Teenagers have always been vulnerable to depression for a variety of reasons. Its a confusing time of life because a teens body is changing along with their relationships. Teenagers constantly vacillate between strivings for independence from famil y and regressions to childish dependence on it. (Elkind 89) But todays teens face an additional challenge: Theyre growing up in a world quite different from that of their parents youth. Adolescents today are faced with stresses that were unknown to previous generations and are dealing with them in an often self-destructive way.Contemporary society has changed the perception of teenagers. New parental lifestyles, combined with changes in the economy, often give less time and energy for parents to devote to their offspring. Society all too often views teens for what they can be instead of for who they are. Who they are becomes the identity of teenagers today. They are confronted with the ambiguity of education, the dis!solution of family, the hostile commercialism of society, and the insecurity of relationships. (McCoy 16) This identity is fragile and is threatened by fears of rejection, feelings of failure, and of being different. These young people face stress in school as well with resources dwindling and campus violence and harassment increasing. Their sexual awakening comes in the age of AIDS, when sex can kill. In summary, teens today feel less safe, less empowered and less hopeful than we did a generation ago. Depression is a common concomitant to this struggle. (McCoy 36) It strikes 5% of teens and about 2% of children under 12. One in three adolescents in the nineties is at risk for serious depression. (Stern 28)Depression is the result of a complex mix of social, psychological, physical, and environmental factors. Teens with depressed parents are two to three times more likely to develop major depression. Genetic factors play a substantial but not overwhelming role in causing depression. (Dowling 37) Some type of significant loss can be a factor in triggering teenage depression. Loss can be due to death, divorce, separation, or loss of a family member, important friend or romantic interest. Loss can also be more subtle such as the loss of childhood, of a familiar way of being, of goals through achievement, or of boundaries and guidelines. (McCoy 46-48) Gender differences are becoming apparent, with girls having more difficulty with depression. Studies show girls are three times more likely than boys to suffer depression. A university study showed a close link between depression and negative body image and girls are usually more self-conscious about their bodies than boys. (Sol!in 157) The reasons for depression are not always clear-cut. Although some depressed, even suicidal teenagers come from extremely troubled backgrounds with a lifetime of difficulties at home and at school, the vast majority of depressed teens are not without resources, support, or love. They simply find, for a variety of reasons, that theyre feeling overwhelmed by a sensation of hopelessness and helplessness. It is imperative to realize that depression can happen to teenagers, even those who have everything going for them. It can happen to the best and brig htest of young people. (McCoy 27)Its hard to detect depression in teens because its a developmental stage characterized by considerable anger and withdrawal. Adolescents dont necessarily look sad and depressed and its normal for teens to have mood swings but within limits. A depressed teen may cry for help indirectly through troublesome, even destructive behavior and through physical symptoms. For a teenager to admit that he or she needs help feels like regressing back to childhood. To be a teen means to externalize feelings and deal with the world through action. (Arbetter 6) Depression ranks second only to advanced heart disease in exacting a physical toll, measured by days in bed and body pain. Its common for people with depressive disorders to complain about recurring headaches, backaches, chronic fatigue, and insomnia. Being sick can be a binding thing that keeps the teenager tied to parents, if the illness is the only time the teen receives attention and love from their parent s. (Dowling 127) The body may signal what the mind is saying through physical symptoms. The body expresses feelings and conflicts that the teenager is unable to verbalize. Physical ills are often viewed with more importance than emotional pain by parents, teachers, or even the teens themselves. (Papolos 36) Its much easier for adolescents to ask for medical care than for psychological help. They often have a great fear of being crazy or of being thought to be crazy. (McCoy 209) Another serious medical problem that is affecting more and more teens is an eating disor!der. An eating disorder often represents a teenagers attempt to gain some control by engaging in a behavior which can not be regulated by another person. One-third to one-half of patients with eating disorders have a major depressive illness at the same time. (Papolos 72)More than one million teens, most under the age of sixteen, run away from home every year. They are neither adventurous nor rebellious adolescents, but t eens tested and troubled by lifes circumstances. A young girl at a shelter for teenage runaways tries to explain why she has run away from home four times in the past two months. Drawing her blanket around her like a cocoon, the fourteen-year old quietly stares at the floor. Im no good to anyone, I get upset and fuss at home and it causes trouble for everyone. I had to run away to save my parents marriage. Unfortunately, this story is not at all unusual. (McCoy 22) Of the 1.2 million teen runaways in the United States, an estimated 300,000 have little hope or chance of returning home. They often feel things are hopeless and that their parents would never understand. Drug use is on the rise among teens as young as thirteen. According to the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, about 4% of high school seniors use alcohol daily, while 92% have tried it. Millions of teens have had adverse experiences caused by excessive drinking. (Elkind 203) Researchers have found that d epressed teens are at particularly high risk for drug and alcohol abuse. Abuse of drugs, alcohol, or other substances are often used to assuage depression. Studies have found that when depressed patients were given treatment, alcohol and drug intake diminished as well. Substance abuse is seen as both a symptom and a cause of depression. (Papolos 66) There is more sexual activity among teenagers today than at any other time in our history. By the time they leave high school, some 90% of seniors are no longer virgins. Sexually transmitted diseases among teenagers have reached epidemic proportions. Eight million young people each year are infected with a sexually transmitted disease. Every thirty seconds, another U.S. teenager is infected. (Elkind 71) Sexual acting-out , which can not only be life-changing, but also life-threatening in this age of AIDS, can become an antidote to the loneliness and isolation many teenagers feel. Sexual activity is often used as an attempt to deal with f eelings of depression, to increase self-esteem by feeling wanted and to achieve intimacy. (McCoy 21)Approximately 3,000 teenage girls in the United States will get pregnant today. An estimated 3 million teenage girls become pregnant each year. Beth is a shy, quiet eighth-grader who is expecting a baby in two months. Beth admits her pregnancy was intentional and she plans to keep her baby because then Ill have someone of my own who will love me for sure. I wont be alone anymore. This illusion of unconditional love, coupled with a lack of insight into the unrelenting demands that the complete dependence of an infant brings leads a number of girls to seek pregnancy.Some teens see parenthood as a way to recapture the joy of childhood they are losing, a way to be loved and important to someone else, or as an antidote to depression. (McCoy 81-82) Suicide among teenagers has skyrocketed 200% in the last decade. If we were talking about mononucleosis or meningitis wed call this an epidemic . (Solin 155) Suicide has become the second leading cause of death among older teenagers. Adolescents are particularly at risk for suicide attempts because they progress through a variety of rapid developmental stages. The seriously depressed teen may often have a sense of hopelessness. Many teens are too immobilized by depression to see any alternatives or to take any positive steps toward change. (Salmans 40) All too often depressed teenagers dont have the experience to know that time heals, that there is always hope. They dont realize that they can survive a crisis and perhaps even learn from it. Life is often seen in absolutes which intensifies any crisis. (McCoy 64)The destructive potential of serious teenage depression can have many long-lasting aftereffects. Having and keeping a baby, getting into trouble with the law, sustaining a serious injury as the result of risk-taking behavior or stunting ones emotional growth by anesthetizing painful feelings with drugs or alcohol ca n have a great impact on ones future. It can prevent a young adult from having a full, healthy, and productive life or make it considerably more difficult to do so. Depression is a growing problem amongst todays teenagers. Depression brings with it many problems that can be self-destructive. If a teenager has the benefit of early intervention and help in coping with his or her depression, however, the life script can be quite different. (McCoy 66-67) Works CitedArbetter, Sandra. Depression: Way Beyond the Blues. Current Health Dec. 1993:4-10. Appearances - A Universal Concern EssayDowling, Colette. I Dont You Mean Have to Feel this Way? New York: Macmillan, 1991Elkind, David. Parenting Your Teenager. New York:Ballantine Books, 1993McCoy, Kathleen. Understanding Your Teenagers Depression. New York: Perigee Books, 1994Papolos, Demitri and Papolos, Janice. Overcoming Depression. New York: Harper, 1987Salmans, Sandra. Depression: Questions you have Answers you need. Allentown, PA: Peoples Medical Society, 1995. Solin, Sabrina. I Did not Want to Live Seventeen Apr. 1995: 155-157Stern, Loraine. I Feel So Sad Womans Day Oct. 1994: 28.

The benefits and criticisms of historical cost accounting Essay Example

The benefits and criticisms of historical cost accounting Paper Introduction Accounting is a measuring and communicating of fiscal information about economic activities to interested individuals.[ 1 ]The primary function of accounting is to supply an effectual measuring and coverage system which is besides accounting information system for determination devising. The corporate signifier of a big concern has created separation of concern ownership and control. Outsiders of an organisation, normally, do nt possess first-hand cognition of the daily running and status of the concern, which makes them dependant, to some extent, on accounting studies for information. Management is considered to be a company insider, who has entree to the of import information about a company that can impact its stock monetary values or might act upon investor s determinations. This creates conflict of involvement as company insiders are in a place to work a professional or official capacity in some manner for their personal or corporate benefit. We will write a custom essay sample on The benefits and criticisms of historical cost accounting specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The benefits and criticisms of historical cost accounting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The benefits and criticisms of historical cost accounting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer International Accounting Standards Committee ( IASC ) position that investors need information on hazard and return ; employees are interested in their stableness and profitableness ; loaners are concerned with loans and involvement to be paid when due ; providers and other bargainers want to cognize whether owed sum will be paid or non ; and clients are interested in continuation of the endeavor. [ 2 ]Information is needed by assorted users to be able to make up ones mind when to purchase, keep or sell equity of investing ; or to entree the stewardship or answerability of direction. Creditors and providers use information to measure security for the sum Lent to the endeavor. However, non all users of information have involvement or assurance in the information provided by the direction. Due to separation of ownership and control ; and directions ability of working foreigners for their ain benefits, many investors have no involvement or assurance in analysing a company s fiscal statements. Alternatively, they rely on market analysis by other specializers about the psychological science of the market and its consequence on portion monetary values. This study is focused on the historical cost accounting adopted by most of the states and why, even though has many jobs associated with it, have authoritiess accepted this system even with handiness of alternate accounting systems. This study inside informations the benefits and unfavorable judgment of historical cost accounting along with options to historical cost accounting and their unfavorable judgments. 2. Historical Cost Accounting The historical cost accounting values an plus for balance sheet intents at the monetary value paid for the plus at the clip of its acquisition.A The historical cost accounting is the state of affairs in which comptrollers record gross, outgo and plus acquisition and disposal at historical cost: that is, the existent sums of money, or money s worth, received or paid to finish the transaction.A Historical cost is based on existent dealing instead than prognosiss. There are back uping records for all the figures provided in the fiscal statements. It is besides relevant in doing economic determinations, as past informations minutess are needed for doing future determinations. Another defence of historical cost is that historical cost has been used throughout history as fiscal statements which use historical cost are found to be utile. Net income is the extra of selling monetary value over historical cost. Net income is a really good recognized construct of step of public presentation. It is the difference between gross and cost that determines on determination to go on a merchandise line or division. Historical Cost Accounting is really much based on this construct of net income and loss. Others, in defence of Historical Cost Accounting argue that historical cost is less capable to use of informations than other signifiers of accounting such as Current Cost. The usage of current cost or issue monetary value opens the door to use of these Numberss. In other words, how are current costs to be determined and how can comptrollers find which value is true and just? More importantly comptrollers must guard the unity of their informations against internal alteration. Criticisms of Historical Cost Accounting Overtime, unfavorable judgment of historical cost accounting have been raised by figure of noteworthy bookmans, peculiarly in relation to its inability to supply utile information in times of lifting monetary values.[ 3 ]Historical Cost Accounting record all assets at an original cost and go on to utilize these historic figures throughout the plus s life, while time-value of money is wholly ignored. Across clip these unfavorable judgments appear to hold been accepted to a certain grade by accounting regulators. In recent old ages assorted accounting criterions have been released that require the application of just values when mensurating assets. For illustration AASB 116 gives fiscal statement preparers a pick between the cost theoretical account and the just value theoretical account in measuring of belongings, works, and equipment. Fiscal Instruments ( AASB 139 ) , investing belongingss ( AASB 114 ) , and biological assets ( AASB141 ) are required to be valued at just value as opposed to historical cost. Chambers in 1966 argued that the historical cost accounting information suffers from jobs of irrelevancy in times of lifting monetary values. It is besides questioned whether it is utile to be informed about something that cost a peculiar sum many old ages ago whereas its current value might be well different. It has been argued that there is a existent job of additivity.[ 4 ]The affair at issue is whether it is logical to added together assets acquired at different periods when those assets were acquired with sums of different buying power. 3 Options to Historical Cost Accounting 3.1 Current Cost Accounting Current Cost Accounting ( CCA ) attempts to supply more realistic book values by valuing assets at current market purchasing monetary values. It takes into history time-value of money and rising prices. It is more complex than the traditional accounting, and it has created contention about what accommodations are appropriate. Unlike Historical Cost Accounting, there is no demand for stock list cost flow premises such as last-in-first-out and leaden norm. The concern net income in CCA shows how the entity has gained in fiscal footings the addition in cost of its resources, which is ignored by historical cost accounting. Distinguishing runing net income from keeping additions and losingss has claimed to heighten the utility of information being provided by CCA. Keeping additions are different from merchandising income as they are due to market-wide motions which are beyond the control of the direction.[ 5 ]Therefore, CCA does nt honor directors for net incomes from keeping additions and losingss which is nt an existent net income and besides gives utile information to investors. Supporters of CCA are convinced that it provides more utile information than conventional accounting but still they do non hold on all issues. There is one group who believe in the fiscal capital construct in which the retention additions is included in the net income and the other group is those who believe in the physical capital construct. Under physical capital construct, keeping additions and losingss are non included in the net income and are supported by the theory of optimum resource use that uses current costs as a step of input chance cost. Criticism of Current Cost Accounting Measurement mistakes may hold reduced the utility of current-cost and replacement-cost informations. Replacement-cost ratings of works and equipment frequently include the cost of technological progresss and frequently these progresss would cut down operating costs below the degree reported by historical cost. As a consequence, when replacement-cost depreciation is substituted for historical-cost depreciation, the cost of making concern includes the high capital cost of the advanced engineering every bit good as the high operating costs of the older engineering in usage, which creates measurement mistakes.[ 6 ] The protagonists of Historical Cost Accounting knock CCA because it violates the traditional gross acknowledgment rule by acknowledging additions in the value of the assets, both current and non-current, before they are sold. This is irrelevant as alterations in market monetary value do nt intend anything until the assets are sold. A non-current plus is nt more valuable to a concern merely because its current cost has increased. Another job is the subjectiveness of finding the sum of the addition in cost. There are some non-current assets that do nt hold a second-hand market because it was specifically built or made for that concern merely. So the footing of finding the current cost must be the new plus expected to replace the old one. CCA besides involves a mathematical job of additivity. This is because the figures generated from CCA are nt of the same nature because it involves a assortment of measurement theoretical accounts. 3.2 Exit Price Accounting Exit Price Accounting ( EPA ) besides known as Continuously Contemporary Accounting ( CoCoA ) has been proposed by research workers such as McNeal, Sterling, and particularly Raymond Chambers. It s an accounting theory that prescribes that assets should be valued at issue monetary values and that fiscal statements should work to inform about an organisation s capacity to accommodate.[ 7 ]Chambers described the entity s capacity to accommodate as the hard currency that could be obtained if the entity sold its assets. Chambers believed that economic endurance of the entity depends on the sum of hard currency it can command and the balance sheet is important to these determinations. Chambers used the term current hard currency equivalents to mention to the sum that was expected to be generated through the orderly sale of assets. He believe that the information about current hard currency equivalent were cardinal to effectual determination devising. Chambers stated that the accounting regulations used were so different in consequence that comparing between companies was frequently rather misdirecting. [ 8 ]One of the chief statements for EPA is that it provides utile information to the users. They believe that EPA reports all net incomes and losingss and values as determined in competitory markets and provides a true and just fiscal statement that serves the intent of the stockholders. Other statements that support EPA is the additivity map. EPA values all elements in the balance sheet and income statement at their issue monetary values, which, hence, provides one consistent regulation that could be applied by all or any company. It involves mentions to real-world illustrations because untestable averments are nt made such as depreciation. Criticism of Exit Price Accounting Harmonizing to Chambers theoretical account of CoCoA, if assets ca nt be sold individually, they are deemed to hold perfectly no value for the intent of finding organisation s fiscal place. This is considered to be excessively utmost by many accounting practicians and research workers. Assetss such as good will and work-in-progress have no merchandising value therefore will be hold no value at all in the fiscal statements. Other unfavorable judgments of CoCoA are that it does nt see the value in usage. An plus that is held instead than sold out must be worth more to its proprietor than its issue monetary value, otherwise, it would be sold. In instance of specialised resources such as a blast furnace has positive value in usage, but can non be sold individually, for the intent of CoCoA has no value.[ 9 ]Even though advocates of EPA argue for the additivity of issue monetary values, the construct of current hard currency equivalent does nt acknowledge the possibility of selling assets as one bundle. Some assets sold as a bundle are worth more than when sold separately in the market. This construct has been ignored in the issue monetary value accounting. CoCoA has besides been criticized on the footing that issue monetary values are determined by the monetary value that could be achieved in an orderly sale.[ 10 ]The gross revenues might be at different times and wo nt needfully reflect values at balance day of the month. Therefore, the fiscal statements based on these values might non be utile for supervising the company s direction. 3.3 Positive Accounting Theory and Efficient Markets Hypothesis Milton Friedman was the 1 who strongly supported and backed the positive theories in economic sciences. He stated that the ultimate end of a positive scientific discipline is the development of a theory or hypothesis that yields valid and meaningful anticipations about phenomena non yet observed. Watts and Zimmerman besides stated that the aim of positive accounting theory is to explicate and foretell accounting pattern which was consistent with the positions of Friedman. The beginning of positive accounting theory is the Efficient Markets Hypothesis ( EMH ) . The EMH is based on the premise that capital markets react in an efficient and indifferent mode to publically available information. The chief strengths of Positive Accounting Theories over Normative Accounting Theories are the facts that hypothesis are framed in such a manner that they are capable of disproof by empirical research. Besides, these theories aim to supply an apprehension of how the universe works instead than saying how the universe should work. Furthermore, PAT tries to understand the relationship and connexion between assorted accounting information, directors, houses, and markets ; and besides analyze these relationships within an economic model. There are several premises made in development of positive accounting theory. The first is that the house is a link of contracts. In relation to PAT, because there is a demand to be efficient, the house will desire to minimise costs associated with contracts. Contract costs involve accounting variables as contracts can be stipulated in footings of accounting information such as net income, and fiscal ratios.[ 11 ]The house will take the accounting policies that best acknowledge the demand for minimisation of contract costs. PAT recognizes that altering fortunes require directors to hold flexibleness in taking accounting policies which brings frontward the job of opportunistic behaviour . This occurs when the actions of direction are to better their ain personal involvements. The other premise is that the directors are rational economic determination shapers and will move to maximise their ain net income and non the net income of the company. Under PAT, houses want to maximise their chances for endurance, so they organize themselves expeditiously. Criticisms of Positive Accounting Theories One of the chief unfavorable judgments of PAT is that it does nt supply prescription for accounting and therefore does nt supply any agencies of bettering accounting pattern.[ 12 ]This, hence consequences in disaffection of practising comptrollers. It is argued that merely explicate and foretelling accounting pattern is non plenty. There is no counsel on what people should make, as there is a general absence of prescription. The other unfavorable judgments of PAT relate to the cardinal that all action is driven by a desire to maximise wealth. Many research workers find this statement really negative in nature. They believe that PAT promotes a morally belly-up position of the universe. The construct of positive theory is drawn from an disused doctrine of scientific discipline and is in any instance a misnomer, because the theories of empirical scientific discipline make no positive statement of what is .[ 13 ]And besides of class, Watts and Zimmerman do state, We do non postulate that all issues are settled, but instead encourage others to prosecute, rectify, and widen our analysis. 4. Decision Quite clearly the several restrictions and defects of the traditional historical costs method have been highlighted and picked upon from clip to clip. Still historical costs are the standard signifier of accounting due to its alone characteristics and conventions that make it better than most available alternatives.A Historical cost accounting has and is still been widely recognized and accepted by corporations across the universe. There has nt been any development of better options to Historical Cost Accounting. The alternate accounting such as current cost accounting and issue monetary value accounting carry more jobs in them than historical cost accounting. For examples states like Unites States and United Kingdom have tried to follow current cost accounting system but subsequently withdrew as there were many complexnesss in utilizing current cost accounting. Even if accounting organic structures merely pick an bing method to organize the criterion of accounting, it will decidedly non be better than historical cost accounting. However, in my sentiment, the current usage of historical cost accounting by many houses have been a lending factor in dissembling the true and just value of their assets. As investors are the primary users of fiscal statements, precedence must be given to the demands and wants of the stockholders. Empirical groundss show that investors want both measurings i.e. historical cost and current cost accounting.[ 14 ]I believe a procedure should be created where historical cost and current cost operate side-by-side, which will heighten relevancy, dependability, and comparison. Rather than debating between different attacks, focal point should be given to implement an accounting system which reports all assets and liabilities at their true value without extinguishing the benefits of historical cost accounting.

Using the Oxford Comma (Or Serial Comma)

Using the Oxford Comma (Or Serial Comma) Using the Serial (or Oxford) Comma The band Vampire Weekend once memorably sang words to the effect of who gives a monkey’s about an Oxford comma? Well, we do, and the person reading and grading your paper will too! What Is the Oxford (or Serial) Comma? Overlooked by many, the Oxford (or serial) comma is a useful tool in writing. It is so-called because it is recommended by the Oxford University Press style guide. We use the Oxford comma primarily to avoid ambiguity in lists. To be specific, an Oxford comma is a comma used before the final and or or in a list of three or more items. We would thus use it like this: The American flag is red, white, and blue. Although a final comma is not strictly necessary here, you should still add it if your colleges style guide specifies using Oxford/serial commas. Why Use the Oxford Comma? To see why the Oxford comma is sometimes necessary for clarity, we can take a look at a list where the final item is potentially ambiguous: The most important things in my life are my friends, God and Michael Jordon. Here, for example, it is unclear whether the speaker is referring to three distinct things or simply identifying God and Michael Jordan as her friends. Adding the serial comma removes this ambiguity by showing that each one is a separate item in the list: The most important things in my life are my friends, God, and Michael Jordon. The Oxford comma is also useful when one item in a list includes and or or already, as it can clarify the divisions. For instance, take the sentence: My favorite activities are basketball, singing and dancing and acrobatics. We know from the repeated and here that either singing and dancing or dancing and acrobatics are meant to be taken together. But the list doesnt make clear which. Adding the Oxford comma solves this: My favorite activities are basketball, singing and dancing, and acrobatics. Be sure to check your style guide, too, as some institutions have specific rules regarding use of the Oxford comma. And if you would like more grammar advice, or someone to look over your writing, get in touch with the professionals at Proofed today!

Qué es ICE y qué puedes hacer en caso de una redada

Quà © es ICE y quà © puedes hacer en caso de una redada ICE es la agencia del gobierno de Estados Unidos encargada de hacer cumplir las leyes federales sobre aduanas, comercio, control de las fronteras e inmigracià ³n. El nombre completo de esta agencia es Ejecucià ³n de Aduanas e Inmigracià ³n y se le  conoce como ICE por sus siglas en inglà ©s. Es parte del Departamento de Seguridad Interna (DHS) y, en la actualidad, cuenta con ms de 20.000 agentes repartidos en ms de 400 oficinas por todo el territorio de Estados Unidos y 46 ubicadas en otros paà ­ses. Su presupuesto anual ronda los $5  billones. Este artà ­culo informa sobre cules son las actividades propias de ICE, quà © se puede hacer en los casos de redadas, y quà © esperar y cà ³mo proceder en el caso de arresto de un familiar o amigo. Quà © hace ICE ICE se identifica con redadas y deportaciones, pero, en realidad, sus competencias son mucho ms amplias y las ejecuta a travà ©s de cuatro departamentos. En primer lugar, la divisià ³n de Operaciones de Ejecucià ³n y Remocià ³n, conocido como ERO por sus siglas en inglà ©s. Este departamento se ocupa de arrestos administrativos y de deportaciones internas, es decir, las de inmigrantes que no son agarrados en el momento de cruzar ilegalmente la frontera o en los dà ­as posteriores al cruce.   En el à ºltimo aà ±o fiscal, ERO fue el responsable de 81.000 deportaciones internas. La mayorà ­a de esos migrantes, segà ºn datos oficiales, estaban comprendidos en una de las siguientes categorà ­as: condenados por una felonà ­a, pendientes de juzgar pero con cargo criminal, migrantes que regresaron a Estados Unidos ilegalmente despuà ©s de una deportacià ³n y fugitivos migratorios, como por ejemplo, los que no se presentaron a una cita en la corte y fueron condenados a ser deportados en ausencia. En segundo lugar,  la divisià ³n  de Investigacià ³n de Seguridad Interna, conocido como HSI por sus siglas en inglà ©s.  Esta es la divisià ³n del DHS con ms empleados, con 8.500, de los cuales 6.000 son agentes. Adems, es la divisià ³n de ese departamento con ms presencia internacional.   HSI se ocupa de seguridad interna, seguridad pà ºblica y seguridad fronteriza, lo que se traduce en actividades de lucha contra el trfico humano y pandillas, anti-narcà ³ticos, contrabando de productos, incluido el de dinero, cibercrimen, delitos financieros y proteccià ³n de las infraestructuras vitales para Estados Unidos, entre otras. En tercer lugar, la Oficina de Asuntos Internacionales, conocida como OIA. Dentro de sus competencias destacan la investigacià ³n de actividades criminales transnacionales, la colaboracià ³n en la repatriacià ³n de inmigrantes y el entrenamiento de agencias policiales de otros paà ­ses. Y, por à ºltimo, HSI-Intel,  es la encargada de dar apoyo a las otras divisiones de ICE en la forma de tecnologà ­a e informacià ³n. Tambià ©n se ocupa de coordinar agencias en los casos de desastres nacionales, como ataques terroristas, pandemias o catstrofes naturales. Tus derechos frente a las redadas de ICE Son frecuentes las noticias de las redadas de ICE, incluso de arrestos en lugares donde hasta hace poco eran realmente raras, como por ejemplo, las cortes de trfico, civiles o penales, en las afueras de escuelas o, incluso, en autobuses y trenes. En Estados Unidos, todas las personas, incluidos los migrantes indocumentados, tienen derechos bsicos que estn protegidos por la Constitucià ³n y que conviene que todos los inmigrantes conozcan. Uno de los ms importantes, en este contexto de las redadas, es que ninguna agencia policial puede ingresar en una vivienda sin el consentimiento de quienes viven  allà ­, excepto si tiene sospecha razonable de que se est cometiendo un crimen o tienen una orden judicial que asà ­ lo autoriza. Tampoco se est obligado en ningà ºn caso a mostrar documentos que pueden indicar presencia indocumentada, como por ejemplo, pasaportes extranjeros o matrà ­culas consulares. Las redadas de ICE estn ocasionando angustia y miedo, por lo que algunas comunidades de migrantes han creado sistemas de alerta para saber dà ³nde se estn produciendo y cundo. Quà © hacer cuando ICE arresta a un inmigrante o se sospecha de una detencià ³n El primer paso es intentar confirmar que el amigo o familiar del que no se sabe est efectivamente arrestado por ICE. A los pocos dà ­as de producirse el arresto suelen aparecer datos bsicos sobre el detenido en la base de datos oficial. Si no aparece, es posible contactar directamente con ERO. En cuanto a quà © puede pasar con un migrante detenido por ICE, hay muchas posibilidades, dependiendo de las particularidades del caso. Asà ­, es posible que se proceda inmediatamente a su deportacià ³n, lo cual puede hacerse en cuestià ³n de horas o dà ­as, o que se determine que el migrante quede detenido hasta que pase por la corte. Finalmente, tambià ©n es posible que a un detenido por el ICE se le deje en libertad bajo fianza, con control electrà ³nico, bajo palabra o sin cargos. Respecto a las fianzas, pueden ser fijadas por ICE pero  muchas veces se niegan. En estos casos, el detenido puede pedir una vista ante un juez para que sea este quien determine si tiene derecho a quedar libre bajo depà ³sito previo de una fianza. En este punto es importante contar con un abogado de inmigracià ³n con buena reputacià ³n. Tambià ©n la labor de un profesional es fundamental para estudiar con objetividad si existe algà ºn camino para regularizar la situacià ³n del migrante arrestado y evitar asà ­ su deportacià ³n. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Trends in contemporary society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Trends in contemporary society - Essay Example The study found that some ethnic minorities such as Black African, Pakistani and Bangladeshi men enjoyed increased employment rates. This is attributed to improvement made in their educational attainment. However, the study finds that there remains a wide gap in the employment of Black Africans, Black Caribbeans, Pakistani and Bangladeshi men. Additionally the women from minority ethnic groups also faced an employment gap when compared with white women. The study shows that Pakistani and Bangladeshi women’s employment rates remained considerably low at less than 30%. The relationship between high educational attainment and job opportunities has elicited more investment in education for ethnic minorities, thus promising a high return in the terms of employment. The study also found that living in deprived areas reduced employment prospects for ethnic minorities more than it did for whites. Another finding is that the self-employment rates fell for Chinese and Indians. However, self-employment remained unchanged for Bangladeshi and Pakistani men. The study finds that there was general improvement in terms of paid work, where ethnic minorities had a higher occupational attainment. ... In 2001, the Minority ethnic community in the UK comprised about 8% of the country’s entire population. The factors that characterise ethnic minorities include: geographical areas of residence, younger age structures and specific group traits. Most Black Africans, Black Caribbean’s and Bangladeshis live in London. The Pakistan are the most evenly dispersed ethnic minority group in the UK (Gregg and Wardsworth, 2011). As of 2001, Indians make up most of the minorities population (2% of the entire population) or one fourth of the minority population. The Pakistanis accounted for 16% of the ethnic minority population and Black Caribbean minorities accounted for 12% of the same. Black Africans representation among the UK minority population was at 10% while that of Bangladeshis and Chinese was 6% and 5% respectively (Li, 2008). People from each of these minority groups came into Britain with different cultures, economic backgrounds and different educational backgrounds. All these combined to shape how the different communities fitted into the British employment environment. Labour statistics show that various ethnic communities living in Britain all have different employment data. For instance, a higher percentage of Black Africans are in employment than either Bangladeshi or Pakistani. The employment situation of ethnic groups in the UK is characterised by high levels of unemployment and low pay (Dex and Lindley, 2007). A study by Li (2008) shows that White British men have a higher probability (80%) of being employed than men from minority groups. Indians followed closely on the probability scale with 78%. Chinese had the lowest probability of being employed with a score of slightly less than 59%. Pakistani and Bangladeshi men also scored lowly on the

Research Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research Study - Assignment Example It was found that segmentation depends on a number of factors ranging from age, sexual orientation, education to even age. The benefits also spread far and wide from helping in identification of the most and least profitable customers, enabling grouping of consumers by factors like type and size of organization, category and lifestyle of consumers, geographical location, attitudes and behavior, enhancing customer service, helping a business build loyal relationships and so forth. Successful segmentation research, it was found, minimizes the number of segments only giving rise to a small number of big segments. Good research will enable classification of these groups through economic data and other essential information on how these segments change and develop over time. Both Bloomindale and Nordstrom offer high quality products and services though Nordstrom also serves customers of more modest means. Nordstrom Inc. is an upmarket American fashion department store, founded by Carl F. Wallin and John W. Nordstrom currently having its headquarters in Washington’s Seattle. Shoe retail was the company’s beginning and has since grown their catalog to incorporate cosmetics, clothing fragrances, accessories, jewelry and handbags. Some select Nordstrom stores also stock home furnishing and wedding sections. Asof March 16, 2012 it had 225 stores in the United States stores situated in 30 states. There about 245 stores effective in 35 states, which include about 140 Nordstrom Racks and approximately117 Full-Line stores. As of the year 2012, it is the 5th largest department store company in the U.S. by retail sales and the thirty-fourth largest Store in the US in 2013 in terms of revenue. Presently, Nordstrom has distribution centers in, Maryland, California, Oregon, Gainesville, Iowa, Ontario, Upper Marlboro, Dubuque, Florida and Portland (Businessweek.com.

Mass media Essay Example for Free

Mass media Essay From my point of view, I agree that the mass media, including TV, radio and newspaper have a great influence in shaping people ideas . Nowdays mass media is a form of progress of information and communication technology. Through the mass media that the more developed allows information spread easily in the community. Information in any form can be disseminated quickly and easily so that it affects the viewpoints, lifestyles, and culture of a nation. The rapid flow of information causes us not to be able to filter the messages. As a result subconsciously it little by little have been affecting pattern of behavior and culture in society. Long-standing culture and become a benchmark in society behave are now almost gone and escapes the attention of the community. As a result, the longer the social changes in the community began to surface a raised. The influence of the mass media on contemporary theory of the influence of media on society has been fostering the rapid reforms in society. The influence of the media with regard to other aspects such as the nature of the communicators, the content, information from the media itself, as well as the response from the community. Rapid development of information and communication technologies such as mass media, led to rapid changes everywhere. The Mass Media have gradually brought the community into a new cultural patterns and begin to determine the mindset and culture of community behavior. The Media tells people how decent standards of living for a human, thus indirectly causing the Community judge whether their neighborhoods have been worth or whether he has met the standard and this heavily influenced picture of what is seen, heard and read from the media. Message or information conveyed by the media could be a support community for the better, making the public feel happy to be themselves, feel quite deflating or otherwise trust him or feeling low than others. Existence of other behaviour pattern changes of lifestyle. Usually someone will imitate everything related to his idols are good in terms of dress, look, or how to speak her piece that reflects themselves his idols. The above are likely to be more influential on a generation. A socio-psychological, information flows that continue to hit our lives will give rise to various influences on the development of the soul, especially for children and teens. Their behavior patterns, little by little is affected by what they receive may be deviated from the stage of development of the soul as well as the norms in force. The positive effects of mass media on society is the society would gain something more news worthy. For example, news bombing of WTC and the war in Iraq, despite being in a different country but with proper information and information through the mass media. This will cause people to be more sensitive to the issues at. In addition, through the use of internet and telephone bimbit allow community out of its cocoon. For the conclusion, am agree that the mass media, including TV, radio and newspaper have a great influence in shaping people ideas.

Point of View in Porphyrias Lover :: Porphyrias Lover Essays

The Point of View in Porphyria's Lover      Ã‚  Ã‚   "Porphyria's Lover" is an exhilarating love story given from a lunatic's point of view.   It is the story of   a man who is so obsessed with Porphyria that he decides to keep her for himself.   The only way he feels he can keep her, though, is by killing her.   Robert Browning's poem depicts the separation of social classes and describes the "triumph" of one man over an unjust society.   As is often the case in fiction, the speaker of "Porphyria's Lover" does not give accurate information in the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The speaker is a deranged man who will stop at nothing to keep his dear Porphyria.   Although the introduction refers to the weather, it also does an effective job in describing the speaker.   In this case, it is nighttime, and the thunder is roaring.   The speaker starts by saying: "The rain set early in tonight,/The sullen wind was soon awake,/ It tore the elm-tops down for spite,/ And did its worst to vex the lake(Barnet 567):"   This description gives the reader the first glimpse of what is yet to come.   These turbulent words help give the poem a gloomy feeling.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Porphyria arrives at the speaker's cottage, she is dripping wet.   The speaker makes it an important point to describe her after her arrival.   The description of the articles of clothing that Porphyria is wearing helps the reader know that Porphyria is from an upper-class family.   She was wearing a cloak and shawl, a hat, and gloves.   It is apparent that the speaker works for Porphyria's family.   He lives in a cottage, somewhat distant from the main house.   The cottage is cold until Porphyria warms up the room with her presence and by stirring up the fire.   The way the speaker introduces Porphyria is very unique.   He states that Porphyria "glided" into the room.   With this description, the lover insinuates to the reader that the he sees Porphyria as some kind of angel who moves swiftly and gracefully across the floor.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The speaker is upset about the party going on in the main house.   Porphyria will be married soon, and he feels that if he were an upper-class citizen, Porphyria would be able to marry him.

Kfc Pizzahut Supply Chain

KFC/Pizza Hut makes efficiency gains with Zap Business Intelligence Businesses become more agile, responsive and performance-focused Situation There are over 120 KFC and Pizza Hut outlets in Singapore, employing about 5,000 staff. Both brands also offer Singapore-wide delivery services. In the face of rapid business growth, KFC/Pizza Hut found that their business intelligence (BI) system was unable to cope. It fared badly when meeting corporate reporting requirements, benchmarking store performance, and reducing the time and costs spent on day-to-day reporting across multiple business systems. We faced daily challenges in producing timely reports and complex analysis across our many restaurants and product lines to make informed decisions,† said Mr Tan Teng Sern, System Analyst with KFC/ Pizza Hut in Singapore. For example, day-to-day operational reporting is required to calculate the pay to daily-rated workers like delivery staff. Using the old BI system, it could take restaur ant managers hours at the end of each day to tally the number of deliveries that each rider had made, resulting in restaurant managers working overtime, and riders waiting for their payment.The system was also difficult to use and rigid in design. Work which could take up to a few days every month also went into generating reports to meet corporate requirements. The problem in generating timely reports also hindered KFC/ Pizza Hut’s ability to respond quickly to changes in the business environment. What they needed was a solution that would let them set different objectives for different departments, and monitor each department’s performance. Case Study Name: KFC & Pizza Hut Overview: KFC and Pizza Hut are major players in the local food and beverage market.Since establishing the first KFC outlet in Singapore in 1977, the chain has grown to over 120 outlets employing about 5,000 staff. KFC/Pizza Hut faced difficulties when meeting corporate reporting requirements, benc hmarking store performance, and reducing the time and costs spent on reporting across multiple business systems. Products Used: Zap Business Intelligence â€Å"Improving reporting and analysis across our restaurants and head offices offers considerable gains in efficiency and will enable our businesses to become more agile, responsive and performance-focused. Mr Tan Teng Sern System Analyst KFC/Pizza Hut Solution KFC/Pizza Hut embarked on a search for an affordable, high-performance and easy to maintain business intelligence and data warehousing solution. â€Å"We could not afford to have a data warehouse project that would take months or years to implement,† said Mr Tan. â€Å"With the scale of hundreds of users, it would have been very costly for us to adopt most of the available solutions in the market. † These requirements led KFC/Pizza Hut to Zap and its solution, Zap Business Intelligence. We chose Zap Business Intelligence because it offers powerful functionali ty and proven scalability, and yet is easy to install, maintain, and use,† said Mr Tan. The deployment aced its test with KFC/Pizza Hut when Zap was rolled out in the production environment. Here, users wanted to incorporate other data sources to complete the corporate data warehouse, including Pointof-Sale, Marketing, HR/Payroll, and Supply Chain Management. â€Å"With Zap’s help, we built the data warehouse, OLAP cubes and business analytics content for the delivery service business in 10 days.After two months of parallel run and testing, we went live with the Zap Business Intelligence in September 2009,† said Mr Tan. The Zap solution supports close to 400 users, including restaurant managers, operations managers, and back office directors. It brings together key BI capabilities including dashboards, analysis, reporting, KPIs and scorecards, all in a user-friendly web portal. â€Å"We chose Zap Business Intelligence because it offers powerful functionality and proven scalability, and yet is easy to install, maintain, and use,† Mr Tan Teng Sern System Analyst KFC/Pizza HutBenefits Zap’s Business Intelligence has resulted in many significant benefits for KFC/Pizza Hut. â€Å"Improving reporting and analysis across our restaurants and head offices offers considerable gains in efficiency and will enable our businesses to become more agile, responsive and performance-focused,† said Mr Tan. The BI system contributes to greater business agility in several ways: 1) Optimizing marketing spend: The system allows KFC/Pizza Hut to evaluate the effectiveness of marketing campaigns, enabling immediate adjustment of these campaigns to target them more effectively. ) Enabling strategic restaurant planning: By analyzing sales and demand, KFC/Pizza Hut can conduct more effective strategic planning to open the right restaurant at the right location at the right time. 3) Enhancing customer service: The system analyzes delivery punctualit y, and correlates it with parameters such as restaurant and rider, allowing management to make decisions to fine-tune operations, and improve customer service. 4) Improving sales: The analysis of point-of-sale data enables KFC/Pizza Hut to measure the effectiveness of their package deals in order to improve sales.Cost savings Mr Tan estimated that KFC/Pizza Hut will gain a return on investment from Zap Business Intelligence within 12 months, particularly in reducing the amount of staff time spent on daily reporting. The Zap solution has resulted in cost savings in several areas, including improving labor efficiency. With Zap, the time taken for restaurant managers to check reports has been reduced from 30 minutes to about five minutes, and while operation managers and administrators used to spend about an hour a day retrieving reports, this can now be done almost instantly.This has resulted in significant labor cost savings. Another cost saving measure has been reducing the reliance on IT. â€Å"Improving reporting and analysis across our restaurants and head offices offers considerable gains in efficiency and will enable our businesses to become more agile, responsive and performance-focused,† Mr Tan Teng Sern System Analyst KFC/Pizza Hut www. zaptechnology. com  © 2010 Zap Technology – v0510

Summary of “Management Communication: Principles and Practice”

Summary 1. Author – Michael E. Hattersley, Linda McJannet Title – â€Å"Management communication: Principles and practice† Date of publication – 2008, Publisher – McGraw Hill International Edition Total number of pages (280) and pages I have read (3-17,237-257,257-69) 2. The main idea This book is about the Management Communication. This book is about different types of communication, questions and problems with any manager could deal wiht. It shows how to write well and how to speak well. It gives information about making strategy for your managerial communication. 3.The structure of the text and the main problems discussed by the author The text consists of three chapters. In the first chapter the author introduces the foundations of Management Communication. This chapter mainly shows elements of communication and qualities of effective communication. It also gives a realy good phrase, which everyone should remember â€Å"good communicators are g ood listeners†. In the second chapter the authors explains effective writing process. It describes basic elements of good writing. It is full of examples, expressions and useful notes, for example, giving a lot of small tips, which can help in every situation.This chapter gives the necessary information to get any document to be read and received in the way you want it. In the third chapter the authors describes methods of effective speaking. This chapter helps to improve manager’s speech for different reasosns. Also it recommends to prepare, make a structure for your speech or presentation. It shows how to effectively deliver your speech or presentation. 4. The reader’s opinion about the book I prefer to read books about management because it gives me extra information and knowledge so i did enjoy reading this book.Book briefly gives information about the basics of Management Communications, as well the most useful tools for dealing with communication. Readers t ask is just to understand how and when to use them. I found out new things, for example, which words better not to use when speaking to the audience and with which words i can replace them. Also i read some facts about communication history, which were new for me. This book can help everyone manager who struggle with communication with his/her colleagues, partners, etc.Because it offers excersises for myself as a business communicator with the purpose of to find my stregths and weaknesses. This book confirmed that manager needs not just the theory but an actual practice – speaking and writing (also role playing) is required because in my opinion it is the best way to develop communication skills. Also i found out a lot of new words reading this book, then tried to explain and translate them. 5. Vocabulary list devote – to give or apply (sniegt, pieteikties) workload – the amount of work (slodze) revity – briefness – quality of expressing much in fe w words / short time (izteikties isi, kodoligi) vigor – force, strenght, healthy mental or physical energy (speks, energiskums) hyphens – defise attributive noun – noun that modifies other noun persuasively – persuasive – parliecinosi, parliecinoss incremental – increasing, extending (palielinoss) assumptions – pienemumi disintermediation – â€Å"cutting out the middlemand† – atteikties no kada slana/amata tirdzniecibas kede egalitarian – lidzigs, demokratisks, bezskiru sadalijums pervade – viscaur narrative – stasts clash – sadursme, konflikts llegiance – loyalty, trustiness (lojalitate, uzticiba, padeviba) ample – plass implications – sekas engage – iegut un noturet cilveku uzmanibu, interesi, noligt kadu konkretam amatam dalliances – niekosanas, vieglpratiga apiesanas, cilveka uzvediba, kurs vilcinas, leni rikojas legitimate – likumigs, parei zs Obviate – izvairities overwhelm – receptive – indifferent – grapevine – convey – succinct – dignity – paramount – immensely – commond (of the language) – bond trader – constituents = dalliances – cultivated – izkopts, izsmalcinats promoter – horde – circumvant – inevitably – privotial – implicitly – factual – concision – clutter –

Transformation from House to Wild

Transformation from House to Wild Free Online Research Papers Throughout Buck’s adventure he goes through many obstacles, being kidnapped, going from owner to owner, and all the dogs he had encounters with. Even though being a house dog and having everything he needs right there where he needs it, the adventure he goes through changes him and makes him stronger. After being kidnapped Buck didn’t know what to do, but during that time he learned and he found out how to survive in the new world he has to live in. The least event that transformed Buck was the encounters with the many dogs, because not many of them did things to really change him. I think the one that really changes him was being passed down from owner to owner. Buck was passed from one owner being so kind and loving, to two that hit and beat him to get their way, to some who are complete imbeciles who know nothing about sledding, to end up with a great owner who loves him and shows him what love really is. Buck lived a privilege before being kidnapped, just be the description of the house he lived in you knew he was living a good life, â€Å"Buck lived at a big house in the sun-kissed Santa Clara Valley†¦it stood back from the road, half-hidden among the trees through which it glimpses could be caught of the wide cool verandah that ran around its four sides† (2). Living in a big house like that who wouldn’t be privileged, but after being sold for money to suffice someone’s gambling addiction he would really have to learn the ropes of living in a whole new environment. Buck had to get use to living in the cold; he learned how to survive by watching the other dogs, and learning how to stay warm, and to eat fast. The encounters with the many dogs that came and went, he knew what he had to do just by watching them. Buck wasn’t a fighter, after what happened to his acquaintance Curly, London says, â€Å"†¦Curly was the victim. †¦There was no warning, only a leap in like a flash, a metallic clip of teeth, a leap out equally swift, and Curly’s face was ripped open from eye to jaw.† (18) He knew he couldn’t be knocked down off his feet during a fight or the same thing would happen to him. He had to be quick on his feet, and had to be one step a head of the rest of the dogs. Spitz helped him transform the most I think, because Spitz was the biggest bully of them all he treated Buck like he was dirt. Buck didn’t like that and he finally stood his ground and acted like the leader he soon became. He took down Spitz with strategy and Spitz didn’t know what hit him. I think the other dogs didn’t really help him transform besides Spitz, even thou gh there were many dogs Buck encountered they either weren’t there long enough or they died. All the owners Buck had, the Judge, the French Canadian, the three idiots that didn’t know how to sleigh, and Thornton helped him transform. Even though the judge was his first real owner, it starts with Perrault and Francois because they were the ones that bought him to help pull their sled. Buck has never worked a day in his dog years, but â€Å"Franà §ois fastened upon him an arrangement of straps and buckles†¦so he was set to work, hauling Franà §ois on a sled to the forest that fringed the valley† (19). Buck felt like one of the horses at home, he had to learn how to work and become a team player, which helped him become the dog he was at the end of the book. Perrault and Francois they were good owners, they knew how to take care of the dogs in the type of weather they were traveling in, and Buck got the hang of being out there thanks to them. Thornton the best owner out of all of them, because he saved Buck from Hal, London says â€Å"John Thornton stood o ver Buck, struggling to control himself, too convulse with rage to speak. ‘If you strike that dog again, I’ll kill you,’ he at last managed to say in a choking voice† (86) from then on he took care of Buck and showed him what true love was for a dog. Thornton showed much love and compassion for his dogs and Buck admired that, he respected Thornton and wanted to stay and protect him. Buck never wanted to leave Thornton even after hearing the wild call to him, he went back to him because he knew that Thornton loved him and that changed him. Research Papers on Transformation from House to WildThe Spring and Autumn19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetLifes What IfsThe Hockey GameHip-Hop is ArtStandardized TestingThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationQuebec and CanadaBringing Democracy to Africa

7 Surprising Skills Needed to Be a Writer

7 Surprising Skills Needed to Be a Writer 7 Surprising Skills Needed to Be a Writer Writing, the simple demonstration of putting pen to paper, is challenging enough all alone. However, most writers have no issue investing in the creative effort. At the same time, the work that accompanies writing for a living might trap you in. Beyond creativity, here are 7 surprising skills needed to be a writer. Social Skills All writers are not introverted, but many absolutely are. It can be a tough obstacle to overcome. However, social skills are a necessity when you are attempting to convince others in your capacity to communicate with words. Do not be afraid to network, embrace the social media, and speak up. Dont be ashamed to ask for opportunities, either. You may be astonished at the power of social skills and earn considerably more. Time Management Skills As a writer, you need to figure out how to partition your time to cover every aspect of maintaining a writing business. You also need to resist giving in to the myriad of potential distractions around you, especially because you can’t exactly turn off Twitter and email if you use both for work. Resourcefulness Writing does not come with a standard blueprint. Few professional writers have a degree in writing, while some dont. There are numerous cases when writers are landed jobs because they have friends who are writers, others are hired because they launched a blog that got to become popular. The truth is, for everyone, the specifics are different. As a result of this, working with the opportunities, abilities, skills, and experiences that unique to your situation is imperative. In two words, be resourceful. Marketing Skills One great example of the power of resourcefulness is Author Ahyiana Angel who didnt have any professional experience in writing. But she did have marketing skills as a former publicist, and she optimized them, basically becoming her own publicist. This won her opportunities to become published by Simon and Schuster. A mastery of marketing is important to break into freelancing or earn some cash with your writing. Branding, search engine optimization (SEO), guest posting and pitching are a few marketing skills you should familiarize yourself with. Thick Skin and Fearlessness Get over wanting to be cool, creative, smart, important, wise, a huge success, a great writer, or any ego-dominated idea that is really just a tool for staying away from shame and humiliation.   Any writer will tell you â€Å"thick skin is an absolute necessity.† To get over any sensitivity, dont be afraid to be humiliated, terrible, be a beginner, share your work, be ready to embrace criticism, persistent, and to override and reset the primitive controls and autopilot for courage. Think and Feel Like Your Audience Be a psychologist, observer, and therapist, who can find out how and why people feel and think the way they do. Creating an original character implies that you need to take some necessary steps of coming up with his or her characteristic traits. You must get in their head and see why they do what they do. For becoming an incredible observer, you should be interested in human thinking patterns, and what is hindering people from being their best selves. See this as your job and obsession. Creativity in Making up Worlds that Don’t Exist You have seen Lord of the Rings, Alice in Wonderland, and Star Wars. Those are not only talents but practice. We can all pretend, but only if we can get away from that intelligent, logical and critical part of our brains that doesn’t want nonsense to thrive. But what is nonsense all about if not imagination. That is what makes it so wonderful. Practice seeing your writing on paper regularly to strengthen it, particularly if you are relishing your magical and illogical creative ability. These will help you launch a professional writer career when you have zero work experience, and make you standout.

The Secret Garden Party Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Secret Garden Party - Research Paper Example On the other hand, findings of the study can be used by the company to recruitment of new visitors as well as monetising the involvement of interested consumers that do not physically, attend the festival. Before going to the main discussion, the study will try to understand background of the company. Background- Secret Garden Party Secret Garden party is an arts and music festival that is held annually in the last week of July. The program is conducted in Abbots Ripton which is nearby Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire. Fred Fellowes was the man who had established this alternative music festival program. In its inception or inaugural, the program was attended by a meagre thousand visitors in 2004. By 2013, the program was conducted in four stages and was viewed by almost a massive audience of thirty-two thousands. The organization follows the motto of ‘principle of participation’ in expanding the scope of its programs (Weinstock, 2010). Brand development process Secret Garden party can be explained by using Aaker’s (2011) brand categorization model. Considering the research work of Aaker (2011), it can be said that Secret Garden party categorized its service offering in terms of vividness, subject diversity and wide range of entertainment options. According to Aaker (2011), firms can develop superc ategory in the mind of customers by adding niche quotient in the positioning statement. Secret Garden Party also established separate brand positioning by engaging wide range of performances, action camps, variety of performers and art installations etc (Weinstock, 2010). ... External Environmental Analysis In this section, the researcher will analyze external environment for Secret Garden party with the help of PESTLE, competitor analysis and porter’s five forces while internal environment can be analyzed with the help of SWOT analysis. PESTLE Political The government of U.K. is supporting music and entertainment industry of the country by providing them tax benefits; legal support etc and these steps have been taken by the government to boost the competences of the American cultural and tourism industry sectors (Arnold, 2008). Therefore, it can be said that music festival organizing companies in UK have the opportunity to expand its business in politically supportive environment. Economical A national music and arts festival conducted is included in the nation’s tourism and cultural industry. It is found that the festival market has expanded in U.K., both in terms of scale and scope of its operations. The extent of competition in the festi val market in U.K. has substantially increased. Nurse (2004) also found that UK economy is characterized by strong economic growth and stable per capita income. Rise of participants’ numbers in music festivals of Secret Productions is also supporting the fact that certain segment of customers of UK has the sufficient disposable income to afford fees of music festival organized by entertainment companies. Social The social impact created by an event of entertainment is directly proportional to the scale and the size of the event. Figure 1: Social Impact of Event Management Programs (Source: Nurse, 2004) Consideration of research works reveals the fact that Hutchens

Comparison of 3-Dimensional Radiotherapy with IMRT for nasopharyngeal Dissertation

Comparison of 3-Dimensional Radiotherapy with IMRT for nasopharyngeal cancer - Dissertation Example The treatment modality therefore, revolves around successful and complete removal of the tumour mass without damage to the vital organs around the tumour (Tham and Lu, 2010). Most of the critical analysis presented in this research is based on findings that have been carried out on patients of Eastern Asian origin. This is because nasopharyngeal carcinomas are prevalent in this population group. On the same note, some of the most significant research results and tabulations have been obtained from studies carried out in these geographical areas. One of the most significant facts about NPC is that these are diagnosed in later stages of cancer (Afqir, Ismaili and Errihani, 2009, pp 3). The close proximity of different regions leads to many problems after treatment is carried out. Adverse effects to the pituatory, thyroid and hypothalamic glands are commonly seen post treatment (Stevens et al, 1998). Soft tissue fibrosis leading to trismus and necrosis of the eye structures is also comm only seen (Stevens et al, 1998). Surgical treatment options are somewhat reserved due to the complex location of the tumour. Studies researching the efficacy of surgical treatment have shown higher tissue destruction, and increased chances in recurrence and metastasis, which are reflected in high mortality rates, with five year survival rates falling in the range of 33-57% only (Leu and Lee, 2009, pp 103). A similar study assessed the effects of salvage surgery on patients with recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiation therapy. The study selected 38 patients with recurrence in NPC who underwent surgery (Chang et al, 2004, pp 499). The results showed a 3 year survival rate and local control rate of 69 and 72.8% respectively. Local control rates at the intracranial and skull base levels were 83.3%, and the overall morbidity rates were below 14% (Chang et al, 2004, pp 500). Morbidity rates with radiotherapy treatment alone fall between 40 To 50%, whereas combined radio and che motherapy provide survival rates of 55 to 80% respectively (Paulino and Louis, 2010). However, this study has very limited number of participants, making it difficult to state that the results are significant. However, when viewed in comparison to many other studies on the efficacy of combined radiotherapy, the results bear some significance. Another important consideration is that surgery can still become an option in cancers which are of larger size, in order to help reduce the severity and duration of the chemoradiation therapy. Very large cancers can be removed with the help of fine surgical instruments, after which pockets of tumour can be removed through radiation and chemotherapy. Surgical treatments however, have been largely replaced by the newer and more sophisticated technology of irradiation. However, chemotherapy is another major contender for treatments of NPC. Many drugs have been introduced, but so far, trials and researches have gathered evidence for cisplatin and 5 -florucil respectively. Trials of use of cisplatin combined with radiotherapy for NPC have shown an overall survival rate of 76% at two to three years, which is comparatively better than therapy from any one of the methods alone. Another trial on 130 patients showed a 46% rate of survival with combined chemotherapy compared to 25% of it when treatment was done with radiation alone at five years (Siewert, Salama and Vokes, 2006, pp 168 and 169). Other drugs that are being used or considered for combined

Environmental policy and governance Annotated Bibliography - 1

Environmental policy and governance - Annotated Bibliography Example e clean development mechanisms to include the quest for clean energy resources have destabilized the production and consumption of oil and other non-conservative energy sources. The author argues that the use of oil and other polluting forms of energy have declined to the consideration of a sustainable future and reduce environmental health issues and deficits. He considers a policy to govern the use of oil in the industry globally and encourage the use of clean sources of energy. He hints at the involvement of the private energy sectors and other stakeholders to help in the implementation of such policies with the intention of reducing energy related pollution of the environment. The increase of oil prices has improved commitments in the policy formulations for clean energy developments. The author proposes the use of clean energies to be compulsory in the primary levels. This will increase sustainability. Sanoh, A, et al, 2014, The economics of clean energy resource development and grid interconnection in Africa, Renewable Energy: An International Journal, 62, pp. 598-609. Retrieved from: http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-d7564474-4ff8-336b-8d14-69dc77c028fb The authors argue that the use of clean energy resources within the developing regions like Africa will trigger economic development as this will come with economic benefits to the people. They explains that most clean energy resources are eco friendly, non pollutant consequently absolutely nothing is to be spent on the cleanup of the impacts of clean energy resources. Unlike oil, clean energy does not cause climate changes, variations in the rainfall pattern and therefore the loss of agricultural output in these regions. Agricultural out is linked to the economic development in these regions. He consequently argues that policy formulators should involve environmental aspects and future development in planning for the energy to be used in these regions. Tobin, M, &

Classification of bacteria

Classification of bacteria Bacteria Bacteria is a broad term for a famous type of single-celled micro organisms, There are thousands of species of bacteria. They actually have their own domain, which is called Bacteria. Domain is a new set of groups (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.). Bacteria is a Group of microscopic, single-celled microorganisms that inhabit virtually all environments, including water, soil, organic matters, and the bodies of plants and animals. Bacteria are distinguished in part by their genetic and morphological features; for instance, they may have spiral, spherical or rod like shapes. Bacteria are so widespread that it is possible only to make the most general statements about their life history and ecology. Bacteria are found on the tops of high mountains, the bottom of the deepest oceans, in the body of animals, and even in the frozen ice. Their ability to go dormant for an extended period is the main reason of their wide spread Gram satin: Bacteria can be divided into two main groups, gram-positive or gram-negative, based on the structure of their cell wall and their reaction to thegram stain. The cell walls of the gram-positive bacteria are very thick and consists of peptidoglycan ( a complex polymer that consist of 2 unusual types of amino sugars linked to short polypeptides.while, gram-negative bacteria, their cell walls are consist of 2 layers: a thin peptidoglycan wall and a thick outer membrane.(the outer membrane actually resembles the plasma membrane but it is less permeable and composed of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a harmful substance classified as an endotoxin) Falgella: Many bacteria swim by means of flagella which is composed of flagellin protein and it is responsible for the motility of the bacteria, bacteria may have a single flagellum at one pole(monotricate) or single flagellum at each pole(amphitricate) or as tuft of flagella at one or both poles (lophotricate) or may be disturbed over the entire cell(periticate).Bacteria with no flagella is called atricate bacteria. DNA: Bacterias DNA isnt found within amembrane inclosed neucles they are usually found in a single circularchromosomeand is distributed throughout thecytoplasm. Respiration: Most bacteria may be placed into one of three groups based on their response to gaseous oxygen,whether its aerobic, anaerobic or facultative anarobe. Aerobic bacteria are those how can survive only in the presences of oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria cannot tolerate gaseous oxygen, such as those bacteria which live in deep underwater sediments, or those which cause bacterial food poisoning. The third group are thefacultative anaerobes, which prefer growing in the presence of oxygen, but can continue to grow without it. Sources of energy: Bacteria may also be classified both by the mode by which they obtain their energy. Classified by the source of their energy, bacteria fall into two categories: heterotrophs and autotrophs Heterotrophs derive energy from breaking down complex organic compounds that they must take in from the environment this includes saprobic bacteria found in decaying material, as well as those that rely onfermentationorrespiration. The other group, theautotrophs, fix carbon dioxide to make their own food source; this may be fueled by light energy (photoautotrophic), or by oxidation of nitrogen, sulfur, or other elements (chemoautotrophic). While chemoautotrophs are uncommon, photoautotrophs are common and quite diverse. They include the cyanobacteria, green sulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria, and purple nonsulfur bacteria. The sulfur bacteria are particularly interesting, since they use hydrogen sulfide as hydrogen donor, instead of water like most other photosynthetic organisms, including cyanobacteria. Shapes: There are seven main groups of bacteria, classified according to their shape.Two of the seven types make up the majority of all bacteria. They can be classified as follows: Cocci The gram positive cocci include the well known species Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. Bacteria from both species are considered as friendly bacteria; they are useful and they have functions in the human body and in the environment. Some species can also be pathogenic. Staphylococcus aureus can cause impetigo and scalded skin syndrome, food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. Streptococcus pyogenes is the culprit usually responsible for tonsillitis and severe sore throats (strep throat), but many other infections maybe caused by it. There are two main types of gram negative cocci, both belongs to the genus Neisseria. Neisseria meningitidis causes a form of meningitis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the gonorrhea infection(a sexually transmitted infection ). The two species are more commonly called the meningococcus and the gonococcus. Bacilli Gram positive bacilli include Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria, Listeria monocytogenes, found in unpasteurized dairy products and responsible for dangerous infectious in pregnant women, and bacteria from the species Lactobacillus, friendly bacteria found in the gut. This group also includes two of the most dangerous types of bacteria known ever. One of them is the Bacillus species that causes anthrax, and the other one is Clostridium. One Clostridium species causes tetanus, another leads to botulism, it causes food poisoning. Gram negative bacilli are a large and varied group that are divided into different categories. The Entrobacteria include many species that cause food poisoning in humans E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, and also the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis. The Vibrio group contain bacteria that are shaped more like commas than rods and include the bug that is responsible for cholera. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is also a gram negative bacillus. This bacterium has been identified in the last 25 years as a major cause of stomach ulcers. Other gram negative bacilli are Bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough, Haemophila influenza which causes pneumonia, , and Brucella bacteria, which are associated with brucellosis in cattle. The last group is the Bacteroides, a species of bacteria that are very common in the human gut. In fact, they make up a quarter of the dead bacteria in faeces. Why do we Classify Bacteria? The major advantage of the classification of bacteria is to make identification easier. There are many biochemical tests that can separate the different groups and the different species, enabling physicians to make an accurate diagnosis of bacterial infections. Refrences: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/bacterialh.html http://www.answers.com/topic/bacteria http://www.typesofbacteria.co.uk/how-many-types-bacteria-are-there.html http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index;_ylt=AsS0ifALPm4qGWglSNvbTQgjzKIX;_ylv=3?qid=20071007172608AApA2q8 http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/graphics/i5.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccus